Extragonadal germ cell tumors can be benign noncancer or malignant. Most germ cell tumors that are cancerous occur as cancer of the testicles testicular cancer or cancer of the ovaries ovarian cancer. Overall, approximately 5% to 10% of all germ cell cancers arise in nongonadal sites, particularly in the mediastinum and retroperitoneum. Some germ cell tumors occur in other areas of the body, such as the abdomen, brain and chest, though its not clear why. Gcts can present in both gonadal and extragonadal sites. Request pdf an overview of testicular germ cell tumors more than 90% of testicular. Extragonadal mixed germ cell tumor of the right arm. Extragonadal germ cell tumor eggct represents 510% of germ cell tumors and frequently occurs in mediastinum, retroperitoneum, pineal gland, or sacral area. Gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumors in the united. One recently identified susceptibility loci for human gct is pr prdibf1 and riz domain proteins 14 prdm14.
Ovarian and extragonadal malignant germcell tumors in females. The incidence and management of metachronous testicular germ cell tumors in patients with extragonadal germ cell tumors. Extragonadal germ cell tumors are made up of cells that form during the early development of a fetus unborn baby. Enlarge extragonadal germ cell tumors form in parts of the body other than the gonads testicles or ovaries. Poor prognosis of retroperitoneal mixed extragonadal germ cell tumors in an. In some cases, extragonadal choriocarcinoma occurs in midline locations, such as the mediastinum. The latter group can be divided into seminoma and nonseminoma germ cell tumors, which include the following. An overview of testicular germ cell tumors request pdf. Original article urogenital tumors prognostic variables for response. Germ cell tumors gcts are rare in childhood, representing only 3. Protocol applies to germ cell tumors located in the mediastinum, sacrococcygeal area, retroperitoneum, neck, and intracranial sites. Germ cell tumors gcts are a heterogeneous group of tumors occurring in gonadal and extragonadal locations. Oncology, were the ones who treated testicular and extragonadal.
If you just found out that you or your child has a germ cell tumor, you may have a lot of questions about what it means and what comes next. Start here to find information on extragonadal germ cell tumors treatment. There are many kinds of germ cell tumors and only some. There they develop into eggs in females and sperm in males. Germ cell tumors arise predominantly from within the testis, but an important subset of germ cell tumors are extragonadal in origin. Extragonadal germ cell tumors treatment pdqpatient. Rnabinding protein lin28 is a marker for primary extragonadal. Gcts are hypothesized to arise from primordial germ cells pgcs, which fail to differentiate. Pdf human germ cell tumors are developmental cancers. This includes the pineal gland in the brain, the mediastinum area between the lungs, and retroperitoneum the back wall of the abdomen. The aim of this study was to examine sex and racespecific trends in incidence and survival of gonadal ggcts and extragonadal gcts egcts in the us from 1973 to 2007.
In males, choriocarcinoma is generally considered a nonseminomatous germ cell tumor, which represents less than 5% of all germ cell tumors in males. Germ cell tumors in adolescents and young adults jco oncology. Extragonadal germ cell tumors can be benign teratoma or malignant. The extragonadal germ cell tumors egcts represent a unique entity, and as such require specialized management. Primary extragonadal germ cell tumors are believed to arise from displaced primordial germ cells and share histological, serological, and. Germ cell tumors gcts most often arise in the gonads but some develop extragonadally. Pdf current high throughput omicsbased data support the model that human malignant germ cell tumors are not initiated by somatic.
Germ cell tumors of miscellaneous extragonadal sites. Extragonadal germcell tumors egct are estimated to represent. Extragonadal localization of germ cell tumors gcts is rare. Prdm14 is expressed in germ cell tumors with constitutive. Extragonadal germ cell tumorspatient version national. However, because highdose radiation can damage the brain, some hospitals combine chemotherapy with a lower dose of radiation, especially. Only 4% of gcts are extragonadal, located at central nervous system.
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